[ecrea] CFP: "Fake news, misinformation/disinformation, post-truth"

CALL FOR PAPERS: “Fake news, misinformation/disinformation, post-truth” 
On behalf of Patrizia Violi
*
CALL FOR PAPERS: “Fake news, misinformation/disinformation, post-truth”.
Versus, journal of Semiotics and Philosophy of Language
*The international journal Versus (or VS, as is often known) is 
preparing a thematic issue about fake-news, 
misinformation/disinformation and post-truth. Versus is a Semiotic 
journal, dealing also with Theory and Philosophy of language, and it was 
founded in 1971 by Umberto Eco, who has been its director until February 
2016. Versus is currently directed by Patrizia Violi. Further 
information about the journal at _http://versus.dfc.unibo.it/riv1_en.php
_*
BACKGROUN*D
Since 2016 fake news have emerged as one of the main concerns of public 
debate in Western democracies. According to many political and 
philosophical theories, free and fair discussion is at the very heart of 
modern liberal societies; this necessary condition can be undermined by 
two different (but often connected) factors: bad (i.e. irrational or 
unreasonable) argumentations and false information used as premises. 
According to many media and experts we have now reached a warning level 
and fake news have suddenly become a public enemy: foreign countries 
have been suspected of organized disinformation actions during electoral 
campaigns and influential newspapers have begun, as never before, to 
list the alleged lies of important politicians (as The New York Times 
has done with Donald Trump and Le Monde with Marine Le Pen).

Actually, it is quite indisputable that fake news have always existed. 
In 1921 Marc Bloch wrote a short article about the “fausse nouvelles de 
la guerre” (the false news of war); but before and after Bloch, this 
issue has been at stake for a long time: as it has been recently 
reminded in Italy by Raffaele Simone (2017), false information and lies 
have been debated, among others, by Constant and Kant (“Über ein 
vermeintes Recht aus Menschenliebe zu lügen”, 1797), by Hannah Arendt 
(1968, 1972) and by Jacques Derrida (2002), who outlined a short history 
of the “pseudology”, or of the philosophical reflection about lie.

Nevertheless, in recent years these phenomena seem to have gained 
growing attention from public opinion. From a technological and 
sociological point of view the (possible) increased influence of fake 
news has been explained, for instance, by the dramatically increased 
possibility for everyone to create and spread contents via social media; 
or (a not necessarily alternative explanation) by the growing mistrust 
in traditional social institutions, such as the political apparatus, the 
media system and, finally, modern science (as shown by the 
anti-vaccination movement). Sociologists are working to map and describe 
ways in which disinformation and misinformation are spread and amplified 
and to understand if and how they can be contrasted and corrected: these 
studies concern above all social media and how mis/dis-information 
circulate through social networks (intended as networks of people*).

RELEVANCE FOR SEMIOTICS AND PHILOSOPHY OF LANG*UAGE
A different approach, closer to Semiotics and Philosophy of Language, is 
also possible and probably useful. After all, Umberto Eco (1976) 
proposed a definition of semiotics as the study of what can be used to 
lie; Eco (1998), again, studied one of the most tragic and known fakes 
of Western culture, the “Protocols of the Elders of Zion” and also 
proposed an analytical definition of the different kinds of “fakes and 
forgeries” in a thematic issue of Versus (n. 46, 1987) dealing with 
“Fake, Identity and the Real Thing” (Eco 1987).

Our disciplines can provide a critical point of view and a more general 
reflection that can redefine some aspects of the discussion about fake 
news and post-truth. First of all, current academic and media debate is 
dominated by a bunch of concepts not always clearly defined. What really 
is post-truth? Is it an aspect of a more general phenomenon? Or is it an 
umbrella term which hides a knot of more specific concepts? Which are 
the differences among fake news, misinformation, disinformation, etc.? 
Terminology and definitions are so confused that in April 2017 Facebook 
staff tried to make some clarification, substituting the expression 
“fake news” with “false news” and proposing one of the first systematic 
(even if not widely accepted) reflections on the issue (Weedon, Nuland 
and Stamos 2017). From another point of view, journalists, more than 
academics, have recently begun to propose taxonomies trying to describe 
these phenomena (see, for instance, Wardle 2017).

Secondly, using terms such as “fake” or “false” implies some idea of 
truth and some criterion to recognize it. Of course, this is a not at 
all obvious issue in Philosophy. We can go from a “hard” conception of 
facts (that of the external realism) to its opposite, such as some 
nihilist positions according to which there are no facts, but only 
interpretations. Between these extremes, there are a continuous of 
different conceptions of facts, such as the consensual one adopted by 
Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1971) in their “Treatise of 
Argumentation”, where the status of “fact” depends only on the consensus 
of a specific audience. In Semiotics, this problem has also been treated 
by Greimas and his school, for whom the question of truth is not a 
matter of correspondence with reality, but an effect produced by the 
text. This idea has further been developed in the so called “square of 
veridiction” (Greimas 1983), which leads us to another important aspect 
when we deal with fake news and post-truth: the trust we have in the 
source of the message and how it can be built or strengthened or 
weakened by the text and the context. In addition, independently from 
this academic dispute, journalists have long time ago accepted a 
difference between the “absolute truth”
(whatever it is) and the “journalistic truth”, that can be defined – in 
the words of the world-known reporters Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward – 
as “the best obtainable version of the truth”.

Another aspect of post-truth and fake-news that must be probably more 
deeply discussed is their textual nature. “Fake news” are texts (in the 
more traditional and “classic” semiotic sense). As such, they can be 
analyzed on different layers, they can show narrative structures and 
rhetorical mechanisms. Are there recurrent schemas in fake news? Can we 
recognize sub-genres among them? Can qualitative analysis help to 
recognize them and to improve detection algor*ithms?
*
TOPICS
Proposed papers should present either empirical work or theoretical 
reflections about fake news, misinformation/disinformation, post-truth 
with a Semiotics and/or Philosophy of Language approach.

This is a (non-exhaustive) list of possible topics:
1) Theoretical aspects of the semiotic and philosophical thought about 
truth, reference, facts and interpretations.
2) Taxonomies and definitions of the different kinds of fake news and of 
misinformation/disinformation actions or of other key-concepts involved 
in the debate about post-truth and fake news.
3) Rhetoric, narrative, discursive aspects and text analyses of fake 
news and misinformation/disinformation, not necessarily limited to 
verbal language (for instance, fake news as visual, audiovisual or 
syncretic texts…)
4) Truth and trust as an effect of text, context and circumstances.
5) Semiotic relations among post-truth, fake news, 
misinformation/disinformation and other textual and cultural phenomena, 
such as virality and conspiracy t*heories.

SUBMISSION AND* DEADLINES
All papers will undergo double-blind peer review, preceded by a 
preliminary editorial review of the a*bstracts.
*Deadlines:
- December 30th 2017: submission of an abstract no longer than 500 words 
(plus a bibliography and a short biography)
- January 15th 2018: notification of abstract acceptance or refusal
- April 30th 2018: full paper s*ubmission
Abstract and papers must be sent to (p.polidoro /at/ lumsa.it) AND 
redazione.vs*@*gmail.com

ACCEPTE*D LANGUAGES
- English (preferred); publishing styl_e guide at 
http://versus.dfc.unibo.it/VS_guideli_nes_ENG.pdf
- Italian; publishing styl_e guide at 
http://versus.dfc.unibo.it/VS_criterireda_z*ionali.pdf

INV*ITED AUTHORS
These invited authors have already accepted to send a contribution:
- Prof. George Lakoff
- Prof. *John Searle
*
ISSUE EDITOR
- Pi*ero Polido*ro

References
Arendt H. (1968), “Truth in politics”, in Between Past and Future. Eight 
Exercises in Political Thought, New York, Viking Press.
Arendt H. (1972), “Lying in Politics”, in Crises of the Republic, New 
York, Harvest Books.
Bloch M. (1921), “Réflexions d’un historien sur les fausses nouvelles de 
la guerre”, Revue de synthèse hystorique, 33.
Derrida J. (2002), “History of the Lie: Prolegomena”, in Without Alibi, 
Stanford, Stanford University Press.
Eco U. (1976), A Theory of Semiotics, Bloomington, Indiana University Press.
Eco U. (1987), “Fake and Forgeries”, Versus, 46, thematic issue “Fake, 
Identity and the Real Thing” (now in
Eco U., The Limits of Interpretation, Bloomington, Indiana University 
Press, 1994).
Eco U. (1998), Six Walks in the Fictional Woods, Cambridge, Harvard 
University Press.
Greimas A.J. (1983), Du Sens II, Paris, Seuil.
Perelman C. and Olbrechts-Tyteca L. (1971), The New Rhetoric. A Treatise 
on Argumentation, Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press.
Simone R. (2017), “Potere bugiardo” [Lying Power], L’Espresso, 23, 
LXIII, 20 Aug 2017.
Wardle C. (2017), “Fake News? It’s complicated”_, First Draft, 
https://firstdraftnews.com/fake-ne_wscomplicated/ (Last consulted on 6 
Sep 2017).
Weedon J., Nuland W. and Stamos A., “Information Operations and 
Facebook”, Vers. 1 (_27 Apr 2017), 
https://fbnewsroomus.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/facebook-and-information-ope_rations-v1.pdf 

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