[Commlist] World of Media 2-2021 published

World of Media 2-2021 has just been released. The papers are available 
open access here: http://worldofmedia.ru/volumes/2021/2021_Issue_2/

*Table of contents*
*World of Media. Journal of Russian Media and Journalism Studies*
*Issue 2-2021*

Jamil, S., 
<http://worldofmedia.ru/volumes/2021/World%20of%20Media_2-2021-5-33.pdf>Sohal 
<http://worldofmedia.ru/volumes/2021/World%20of%20Media_2-2021-5-33.pdf>., 
P. (2021) 
<http://worldofmedia.ru/volumes/2021/World%20of%20Media_2-2021-5-33.pdf>Reporting 
under fear and threats: The deadly cost of being a journalist in 
Pakistan and India // World of Media. Journal of Russian Media and 
Journalism Studies, 2: 5-33. 
<http://worldofmedia.ru/volumes/2021/World%20of%20Media_2-2021-5-33.pdf>

The journalists’ right to perform their watchdog role and to do their 
routine jobs without fear of being killed, kidnapped, harassed, and 
attacked is a topic of utmost importance for freedom of the media and 
freedom of expression. However, in the past decade, journalists’ 
killings across the globe indicate that journalism is no more a safe 
profession. Noticeably, the Asia-Pacific region is the third worst 
violator of media freedom in the world. While the level of media freedom 
and journalists’ safety is not better in the Middle East and the North 
African regions, the Asia-Pacific region stands out because it is home 
to the two of the top ten worst countries for journalists’ killings over 
the past 25 years, namely: Pakistan and India. Therefore, drawing on the 
system theory, this study aims to investigate the journalists’ lived 
experiences of diverse safety risks in Pakistan and India. To accomplish 
this aim, this study uses the qualitative methods of document reviews 
and in-depth interviews. Besides, this study uses thematic analysis to 
analyse the gathered data. The analyses of journalists’ lived 
experiences of safety risks reveal a stark systemic failure to protect 
them and safeguard their right to freedom of expression in these two 
countries.

Simons, G., Manoilo, A. (2021) 
<http://worldofmedia.ru/volumes/2021/World%20of%20Media_2-2021-35-55.pdf>The 
what, how and why of fake news: An overview // 
<http://worldofmedia.ru/volumes/2021/World%20of%20Media_2-2021-35-55.pdf>World 
of Media. Journal of Russian Media and Journalism Studies, 2: 35-55. 
<http://worldofmedia.ru/volumes/2021/World%20of%20Media_2-2021-35-55.pdf>

This article examines the nature of the origin, definitions and 
functional principles of so-called fake news – reports that are 
deliberately false in nature which can create a stir in society around a 
non-existent informational case born of the same news source. In 
combination with viral technologies and mechanisms of distribution in 
the media and social networks, fake news in modern political campaigns 
is becoming a dangerous tool for influencing mass consciousness of 
societies. The main task of fake news in modern political campaigns and 
processes is interception of the political agenda, with its subsequent 
closure to the news feed generated by the fake news itself, as well as 
creation of general excitement around the given news story. This present 
article seeks to review and analyse the academic debates on the what 
(definition), how (operationalization) and why (motivation) questions 
pertaining to the fake news phenomena. These aspects are then combined 
to generate the beginnings of creating a conceptual taxonomy to 
understand this highly topical and emotive concept.

Ugwuoke, J. C., Erubami, J. A. (2021) 
<http://worldofmedia.ru/volumes/2021/World%20of%20Media_2-2021-56-74.pdf>Old 
war, new battleground: Deconstructing the potency of social media for 
community engagement in Nigeria’s human rights advocacy efforts // 
<http://worldofmedia.ru/volumes/2021/World%20of%20Media_2-2021-56-74.pdf>World 
of Media. Journal of Russian Media and Journalism Studies, 2: 56-74. 
<http://worldofmedia.ru/volumes/2021/World%20of%20Media_2-2021-56-74.pdf>

Although the need to guarantee human rights has been long acknowledged, 
efforts towards their full realization seem limited to the sole reliance 
on the conventional top-down approach to development. However, current 
development discourse emphasizes the centrality of people’s involvement 
in social development, such as human rights promotion, and the social 
media seem to hold considerable prospects in the actualization of this 
goal. Using a survey of 1,000 respondents drawn from states across 
Nigeria, this study investigates how new media technologies, such as 
social media, are shifting focus from the sole reliance on the 
mainstream media and influencing public involvement in human rights 
promotion in Nigeria. Findings showed that the social media have 
engendered community-wide engagements of people in efforts aimed at 
reducing cases of human rights violation in Nigeria, as people do not 
only get exposed to human rights issues on the social media, but also 
participate in their discussion and promotion. Overall, using the social 
media for human rights advocacy was significantly associated with 
respondents’ gender (.528**), education (.674**), perception (.753**), 
and social media exposure (.421**). Hence, there is the need for 
stakeholders to leverage the potentials of the social media in the 
promotion of people’s fundamental rights.

Vikhrova, O., Hradziushka, A., Muravyova, O., Alekyan, M., Akhmedova, 
N. (2021) 
<http://worldofmedia.ru/volumes/2021/World%20of%20Media_2-2021-75-104.pdf>Information 
support of the Eurasian integration: The image of the EAEU in the 
mainstream media of the member states // 
<http://worldofmedia.ru/volumes/2021/World%20of%20Media_2-2021-75-104.pdf>World 
of Media. Journal of Russian Media and Journalism Studies, 2: 75-104. 
<http://worldofmedia.ru/volumes/2021/World%20of%20Media_2-2021-75-104.pdf>

Mass media, as the main tool for information support of integration 
processes of any regional economic association, are designed to ensure 
the internal stability of the Eurasian Economic Union, without which it 
is impossible to strengthen its position on the international stage. In 
this article, through the analysis of news content of the mainstream 
broadcasters and print and online media of the member states, it was 
identified, which thematical components of the image of the Eurasian 
Economic Union, affecting the perception of the young regional 
association by population, and to what extent they are currently 
available to mass audience in Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan, and 
Kyrgyzstan. The study showed that the information support of the 
Eurasian integration, unregulated for five years and transferred to the 
management of the media themselves, led to that the main topics as of Q4 
2019 were: meetings of the leaders of the EAEU states, legislative 
regulation, as well as the prospects for the development of the 
relations between the Union countries. At the same time, the vast 
majority of materials are depersonalized information, rather than 
personalized materials that illustrate the benefits of integration for 
the public. All this leads to the formation of information apathy to the 
integration issues both in society and on the part of the journalists 
themselves.

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