[Commlist] Call for Papers: Colloquium "Rethinking the digital virtual as a regime of action, experience and relationship"

As part of the DREES-funded project "Digital Detox", we are pleased to 
organize a one-day colloquium on "Rethinking the digital virtual as a 
regime of action, experience and relationship".____

The event will take place on January 28, 2025 at the EHESS (Paris). It 
will open with a lecture by Lisa Messeri, Professor of Anthropology at 
Yale University, on her recently published book/In the land of the 
unreal. Virtual and Other Realities in Los Angeles/.____

Paper proposals must be submitted by September 6, 2024.____

Please find below the full call and submission details.____

We are looking forward to hearing from you!____

Céline Borelle for the Scientific and Organizing Committee


----



*Rethinking the digital virtual as a regime of experience, action, and 
relationship*

Céline Borelle (SENSE, Orange et CEMS, EHESS-CNRS-INSERM)

Elsa Forner (CEMS, EHESS-CNRS-INSERM)

Anne-Sylvie Pharabod (SENSE, Orange)


According to Gilles Deleuze (1995), the virtual can be defined as that 
which is entirely real but not actual, that which does not exist in a 
concrete, tangible way. A concept first developed in philosophy, it 
began to be used in the field of computer technology in the late 1980s, 
notably through the term “virtual reality”, coined by engineer Jaron 
Lanier to describe interaction with a simulated environment (Woolley, 
1992). Since then, it has expanded to become a means of investigating 
digital applications in general (Woolgar, 2002). In particular, the 
virtualization made possible by digital technologies has been the 
subject of anxious questioning. Digital uses have been seen by some as 
symptomatic of an attraction to the virtual that would take precedence 
over the real (Jauréguiberry, 2000; Turkle, 2011) or at least be able to 
compete with it, including the risk of a pathological social withdrawal 
of the individual (Piotti, 2021).


This call, on the contrary, invites us to free ourselves from any 
normative goal in order to question the process of virtualization, which 
is constantly fed by technological developments and oriented towards the 
extension of the “immersive web paradigm” in its perceptual, narrative 
and social dimensions (Boullier, 2008). More specifically, it proposes 
an empirically grounded study of forms of digital virtualization, i.e. 
the dematerialized situations produced by the use of digital 
technologies. The aim is to explore the ways in which these virtual 
situations engage people and contexts, opening up possibilities of 
simulation, anonymity and distance.

Without adopting a technical determinist perspective, since “the virtual 
does not depend on a technical apparatus to exist” (Proulx and 
Latzko-Toth, 2000, p. 103)1, this call aims to take a fresh look at the 
forms of virtualization made possible by digital technologies: from the 
mediatization of interpersonal exchanges on the Internet to acting in 
environments that are at least partially simulated thanks to what are 
now called "immersive" technologies (virtual reality, augmented reality, 
mixed reality), not to mention interactions with technical devices 
equipped with artificial intelligence (social robots, chatbots, online 
avatars).


Human-machine interaction is a distinct field of research at the 
intersection of engineering, cognitive science, psychology, and 
ergonomics. Several social science traditions can also be mobilized to 
think about the simulation of human interactions with artificial beings 
(Borelle, 2018). This call therefore proposes to focus more specifically 
on activities performed by humans in virtual environments, drawing 
attention to situations in which bodily involvement is not obvious and 
can be questioned. This choice stems from the desire to work on the 
notion of the virtual by taking seriously the specificities of the 
system of engagement it authorizes.

While the “material turn” in the social sciences has enabled digital 
infrastructures to be brought to light, the thrust of this appeal is to 
argue that digital technologies have also opened up the possibility of 
engaging with dematerialized situations. The salutary questioning of the 
idea that the digital world proceeds from a suspension of physical and 
social constraints has led to the abandonment of the notion of the 
virtual in most social science research. Our hypothesis is that this 
abandonment has been too radical, and that this notion can usefully 
characterize registers of action, orders of experience, andrelational 
dynamics specific to the digital context.


Therefore, this call proposes to reopen this notion by unfolding it as a 
regime of experience, action, and relation.

Based on the synthesis proposed by Marcus Doel and David Clarke (1999), 
Serge Proulx and Guillaume Latzko-Toth (2000) distinguish three 
approaches to the relationship between the real and the virtual. In the 
first two approaches, which are based on normative thinking, the virtual 
is opposed to the real. On the optimistic side, the virtual is seen as a 
way of "solving" the imperfections of the real. It allows a wealth of 
possibilities to be explored. On the pessimistic side, the virtual is 
subordinated to the real in a logic of 'representation'. It is seen as a 
degraded copy of reality. Putting these two normative approaches in 
historical perspective, it seems that we have moved, in the words of 
Serge Proulx, from the "sublime" to the "ersatz". The currently dominant 
narrative of the history of digitization is characterized by this 
dynamic of disenchantment, from a founding techno-enthusiasm to a 
resurgence of critique (Bellon, 2019; Alexandre et al., 2022).


The sociology of uses has developed by abandoning the normative 
perspective in favor of a descriptive approach, which aims to understand 
the virtual in its hybridization with the actual. This is the third 
approach identified by Serge Proulx and Guillaume Latzko-Toth (2000). 
Numerous studies have sought to challenge the opposition between the 
virtual and the real, to emphasize that digital experiences are framed 
by the same social mechanisms as experiences of co-presence, and to show 
the interactions between the deployment of online and offline 
activities. The topic of “virtual communities”, for example, has 
generated a wealth of literature along these lines, from the work of 
Howard Rheingold (1995) to work on the revitalization of a leisure 
activity such as knitting through its online sharing (Zabban, 2016).


Sociology and anthropology have taken an interest in forms of online 
sociability, particularly in comparing the rules of online and offline 
interaction. Several studies have examined interactions in simulated 
virtual reality environments (Schroeder, 2002), in online forums 
(Beaudouin, 2016), in persistent games (Bainbridge, 2010), or in 
relation to an “imagined audience” on social networks (boyd and Ellison, 
2007). These studies highlight the reconfiguration of forms of 
collaboration and conventions, between netiquette (Hambridge, 1995) and 
playful experimentation (Pharabod, 2021). The sociology of use has also 
focused on investigating forms of “online visibility” (Cardon, 2008), 
the ways in which we present ourselves on personal pages (Licoppe and 
Beaudouin, 2002), blogs (Paldacci, 2006), social networks (Georges, 
2009), and online games (Auray, 2004), in particular by looking at the 
issue of the digital double.


This work has thus invested the digital world as a new medium for 
constructing the social, the collective and the self. In doing so, the 
focus on the entanglement between online and offline activities has led 
sociology to gradually abandon the notion of the virtual. The normative 
disqualification of the virtual was compounded by the deconstruction of 
its analytical scope. In the end, sociology has done little to study the 
digital virtual as such, not only as a new medium but also as a new 
territory, a perspective outlined by geographical approaches to the 
spatial dimension of online phenomena (Perrat, 2020). The few works that 
have set out to study “the virtual for its own sake” (Boellstorff, 2008, 
on Second Life) focus on persistent games, “modes of inhabiting virtual 
worlds” (Lucas, 2018), the experience of a “techno-trance” (Triclot, 
2016), or the virtual funeral as a “lived spiritual event” in World of 
Warcraft (Servais, 2012).


The field left open has been taken over by other disciplines that have 
mobilized this notion of the virtual and taken on the task of studying 
it as such. Psychoanalysis has taken an interest in the metamorphoses of 
the ego in the virtual age (Godart, 2016; Alcon Andrades and Tordo, 
2023). Experimental psychology has dealt with the assessment of 
cognitive skills, such as the ability to drive, using virtual 
simulation(Milleville-Pennel et al., 2010), or with the way people 
invest in their avatar, in particular by measuring the "Proteus effect", 
which refers to the fact that an individual's behavior in virtual worlds 
is modified by the characteristics of his or her avatar (Szolin et al., 
2022). From a multidisciplinary perspective, a number of studies in the 
information and communication sciences extend this line of inquiry to 
the embodiment of avatars (Amato and Perény, 2013; Beaufils and Berland, 
2022) and, more broadly, to the determinants of immersive experience in 
the use of digital devices (Bonfils and Durampart, 2013). Design has 
also taken an interest in the changes in perception under virtual 
conditions (Vial, 2013).


The aim of this call is to take a sociological look at the digital 
virtual as a mode of action, experience, and relationship. The aim is to 
take a fresh look at the relationship between the real and the virtual, 
as well as other pairs of terms that are often embedded in the analysis 
of their articulation: real/false, simulated/authentic, 
fictitious/effective. The results of sociological studies that have 
documented and analyzed arrangements with reality through forms of 
fiction, trickery or even lies (see, for example, Hennion and 
Vidal-Naquet, 2012, on the ethics of care) could usefully be put to the 
test in an investigation of virtual situations. This call for papers 
aims to bring together contributions that investigate the design, 
engagement, and regulation of virtual situations. As other disciplines 
place great emphasis on the perceptual dimension of engagement, 
especially in immersive situations, we propose to explore other 
dimensions as well: spatiality, temporality issues, modulations of 
social sanctions, contextual plasticity, and reduction of material costs.


This call for proposals is structured around three axes, organized 
around different modalities of articulation between the real and the 
virtual.

1. Virtual training

This axis concerns situations in which people train to act, to make a 
gesture, to forge or perfect a way of doing things, in virtual 
environments. These situations are characterized by challenging the 
boundary between the real and the virtual by focusing on the 
transposition of the virtual to the non-virtual. Here, virtual 
simulation is set up as a means, with the horizon of action located 
outside the virtual. The challenge is to consider the specificities of 
“technical repetition” in the Goffmanian sense (Goffman, 1991) in a 
digital environment. Virtual training involves suspending the test of 
action in a physical environment, often a collective one. We can think 
of the design of virtual reality exposure therapy (TERV) to treat 
military post-traumatic stress syndrome (Brandt, 2013), and the uses of 
TERV to treat phobias (Klein and Borelle, 2019; Forner , 2020) and 
addictions (Borelle and Forner, 2024); the use of virtual reality to 
acquire soft skills in the context of training (the art of the pitch, 
for example, see Faustin Barbe's thesis in progress) or job search (see 
the interview training tool used by Pôle emploi); learning technical 
gestures in the medical context (the use of augmented reality in 
surgery), in the fields of design and architecture (modeling spaces in 
virtual reality), or even in the military (the use of simulators to 
train fighter pilots, Dubey and Moricot, 2016); raising awareness of 
personal attacks through experiences from different points of view, in 
the justice system (use of virtual reality in cases of domestic 
violence) and in the fight against gender discrimination, ordinary 
sexism and sexual harassment (see the start-up Reverto, specialized in 
VR tools dedicated to human rights).

2. Experimenting the virtual

This axis brings together situations in which the virtual is the horizon 
for action. The virtual is invested for its own sake, as an end in 
itself. The challenge is to analyze the way in which people play with 
the boundaries between the virtual and the real, maintaining the 
vagueness in order to experience its richness. In the field of beliefs, 
we can think of digital religious practices (Campbell and Evolvi, 2019) 
or the reception of online clairvoyance (Gilliotte and Guittet, 2023). 
In terms of affective and sexual relationships, we can think of the 
consumption of online pornography (Pailler and Vöros, 2017) orcamsex 
(Béliard et al., 2021) and pairing with avatars (Giard, 2021). In the 
realm of cultural and leisure practices, we can think of online museum 
visits (Bernon, 2023), virtual tourism, the experience of a symphony 
concert in augmented reality (Laurent, 2023), and the use of the Pokemon 
Go application (Berry and Vansyngel, 2021). In the world of consumption, 
we can think of visiting an apartment in virtual reality (Ivanov and 
Rejeb, 2017) or the shopping experience in virtual reality (Bettaieb, 
2018). In terms of the relationships that the living have with the dead, 
we can think of online spiritualism (Georges, 2013), practices that 
consist of keeping the deceased virtually alive (Julliard and Quemener, 
2018), and the digital experience of mourning one's child through 
"mamanges" and "papanges" (Ruchon, 2015). In the field of mental health, 
we can think of therapy experiments with avatars or online chatbots (the 
first ELIZA chatbot, created by Joseph Weizenbaum in 1966, was designed 
to simulate a Rogerian psychotherapist).

3. Framing the virtual

This axis covers the activities involved in framing the virtual, from 
its design to its institutional regulation. We can look at how designers 
think about virtual situations, how their practices have changed with 
technological developments (see, for example, the history of virtual 
reality headsets outlined by Michaud, 2017), how they envisage the 
transposition of the real to the virtual and vice versa, how they 
concretely deal with issues such as imitation2, realism and 
verisimilitude (Suchman, 2016), or immersion, incarnation and digital 
doubling (Messeri, 2024), and how these practices give rise to debates. 
We can also interrogate the activities involved in regulating the 
boundaries between the virtual and the real, and in framing engagement 
in virtual activities and relationships, especially in situations where 
the consequences of the virtual on the real are the subject of both a 
problematization and a construction of modes of reparation. We might 
think of the pathologization of cyber-addiction (see Valentin Rio's 
dissertation in progress), the proliferation of devices to control the 
amount of time spent on screens, or the emergence of expertise on the 
damage done to children by screens. We could also think of the treatment 
of virtual attacks, the judicialization of cases of virtual rape and the 
development of psychological expertise to support this process, the 
characterization of "grazing" (Adou, 2022), the police, judicial and 
therapeutic management of cyberbullying (Blaya, 2011), or the regulation 
of online hate speech (Castex et al., 2021).


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